EVIL, FEAR, NOTHING, OTHER IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF HUMANISM OF J.-P. SARTRE

Abstract

Abstract. The article studies the problem of the ontology of Evil in works of Jean-Paul Sartre. It reveals the connection of fear and nothing with the ontology of evil, as Jean-Paul Sartre differentiated fear as a psychosomatic reaction of a person to existence and anxiety as a phenomenon of transcendent perception of his own nothingness. It is explained that a person experiences fear in the present regar-ding the predicted negative future events, and anxiety can be felt in the present time regarding the present and future «I-existence». It is noted that anxiety is the man himself, who in his own freedom creates «I-existence» and in his own nothing forms existence. The article finds out that from the point of view of Jean-Paul Sartre Evil and Good have their ontology in the middle of human existence, and if we con-sider that for the philosopher the person in general is the manifes-tation of nothing, than Good and Evil relate to being and to nothing-ness. There is a connection between the ontology of human conscious-ness and the ontology of Good and Evil within the limits of human existence of man in being and nothing. The author notes the ontology of Evil and the ontology of Good as uniform phenomena of human nothing. At the same time, the article outlines, although does not study the problem of ontology of Good in the philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, but proposes a hypothesis that Good is defined by the philosopher as what existed in human nature from the beginning, at a time when Evil gets being in the middle of human nothing. The man himself creates Evil, names it, generates against his laws and moral prejudices, but cannot know Evil in all its integrity. After all, Evil contains in the existence of every human being the existence of Evil in human nothing is confirmed by human actions, and Evil is analyzed in the eyes of the Other. That is why the article focuses on Jean-Paul Sartre՚s philo-sophy definition of the Other. It is the Other that is the main observer of human existence, and therefore the knowledge of man. In this as-pect, attention is drawn to the complex relationship of man with God, who in the philosophy of J.-P. Sartre stands out as the best observer. God can observe the existence of man, and therefore can know man holistically, but man is not able to know God, who is constantly Sub-ject and never becomes an object. So, a person commits evil in order to somehow get closer to God, to become equivalent to I-subject. The main conclusion of the article is the definition of the ontology of Evil in human existence, and the conscious choice of evil in the desire of man to know Evil in the eyes of the Other, and therefore closer to the knowledge of himself and the knowledge of God.